Robert
Wiene’s The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
(1920), whilst essentially seen as a silent horror film made in the inter-war
years, can be called a piece of artwork from the German Expressionist movement,
which quickly rose from the country’s defeat in World War I. The film’s
outrageous and horrific production design seems to stand out the most,
featuring jagged shapes, leaning buildings, distorted perspective and thick
divisions between light and dark, as if the production designers took the
black-and-white filmstrip to its greatest advantage (see Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
On
first sight, it can be said that silent films as a whole, in comparison with
the later talkies, focussed significantly more on visual literacy, especially
with production design; some may even argue that the invention of sound
destroyed beautiful visual storytelling. Both writer Carol King and film school
tutor Dominic Power put forward that “motion
pictures both created and fed an appetite for spectacle, offering the
possibility of recreating the past, reimagining the present and visualising the
future (Kemp, 2011:19)”, whilst
film director Martin Scorsese recites director King Vidor’s words that the
cinema “is an illusion, more powerful
than any other [medium] (A Personal
Journey with Martin Scorsese Through American Movies, Pt. 2, 1995)”.
When
making comparisons with George Melies’ A
Trip to the Moon (1902), focusing on ideas popular during the turn of the
new century such as decorated ornamentation, Imperialism, progressivism and the
voyage of discovery, Caligari
immediately explores the impacts of the Great War, replacing optimism with
social uncertainty, moral doubt and growing paranoia, reflected into the film’s
stripped back and juxtaposed production design. “[Caligari] created a world where the futuristic sets became actors –
they visually created a realm so terrifying that audiences felt its dark and
looming presence long after the film was over. (Whitlock, 2010:53)”. This
could therefore argue that not all filmmaking should be made purely for fantasy
or escapism, but to challenge the public’s perception and force them to ask
questions.
Melies' A Trip to the Moon (1902) [Fig. 2]
Wiene's The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) [Fig. 3]
Art
historian Stephen Little defines Expressionism as “the art of unrest and the search for truth (Little, 2004:104)”, and that the movement is “characterised by emotional extremes which
can be traced back to the works of [Vincent] Van Gogh [and] Edvard Munch (Little,
2004:104).” Expressionist painters
such as Max Beckmann, Wassily Kandinsky and Ernst Ludwig Kirchner “used strong colour, distorted figures, and
sometimes abstraction to explore themes of belonging and alienation (Little,
2004:104)”. Indeed, the story of Caligari greatly focuses on themes such
as paranoia, questioning one’s identity and fear of death, for example, the
sleepwalker’s prophecy of a strictly limited life. The film’s twist ending
could perhaps extend these themes even further, showcasing a somewhat ‘circle
of life’ as the character is revealed to be the (next) sleepwalker.
Kandinsky's Improvisation 28 (second version) (1912, oil on canvas) [Fig. 4]
Kirchner's Artillerymen (1915, oil on canvas) [Fig. 5]
It
can be highlighted that Caligari’s
cinematography resembles little different than to simply ‘theatre-on-screen’,
as if the viewer would be standing in front of these characters, though it
could be argued that this was a result of technological limitations of the
time. Critic Kim Newman states that “the
film relies entirely on theatrical devices, the camera fixed centre stage as
the sets are displayed and the actors providing any movement or impact (Schneider,
2011:31)”, which could probably
explain the bright and exaggerated costume and makeup (see Fig. 6). A film like Caligari could therefore contribute to
the argument ‘Why make a film in an environment you can easily recreate on
stage?’
Fig. 6
Journalist
Cathy Whitlock puts forward the long-term impacts of Caligari beyond the culture of Weimar Germany, such as the growth
of horror and film noir in Hollywood in the 1930s-40s (e.g., James Whale’s Frankenstein (1931)), and the impact on
today’s filmmakers such as Tim Burton (e.g. Edward
Scissorhands (1990)): “Filmmakers and
art directors would turn to German Expressionism throughout the century to
convey some of the most frightening, dark and shadowy moments seen on film (Whitlock,
2010:55)”.
In
conclusion, Caligari could be seen as
one of the few instances where film fully embraces the radical art movements
that impact on general society at that time, especially true when observing
film industries outside of America, like Germany’s, who would have wanted to
take different directions than to Hollywood’s money-making interests: “The twenties… marked the birth of the
[Hollywood] studio system as an “entertainment factory” – films were literally
manufactured as products on an assembly line (Whitlock, 2010:41)”.
Bibliography:
Books:
KEMP, P. (general editor) (2011) Cinema: The Whole Story. London: Thames & Hudson
LITTLE, S. (2004) Isms: Understanding Art. London: Herbert Press
PARKINSON, D. (2012) 100 Ideas That Changed Film. London: Laurence King
SCHNEIDER, S. (general editor) (2011) 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die. London: Octopus
WHITLOCK, C. (2010) Designs on Film: A Century of Hollywood Art Direction. New York: Harper-Collins
Television:
Illustration
List:
A Trip to the Moon (1902) From: A Trip to the Moon. Directed by Melies, G. [Film still] France: Star Film. At: http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/in-contention/posts/martin-scorseses-hugo-and-technicolor-restore-the-magic-of-m-li-s (Accessed 23/9)
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) From: The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. Directed by: Wiene, R. [Film still] Germany: Babelsberg. At: http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3156247/horror-education-of-the-week-the-cabinet-of-dr-caligari/ (Accessed 23/9)
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) From: The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. Directed by: Wiene, R. [Film still] Germany: Babelsberg. At: https://drafthouse.com/movies/the-cabinet-of-dr.-caligari/san_antonio (Accessed 23/9)
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) [Poster] At: http://www.openculture.com/2013/10/the-cabinet-of-dr-caligari-see-the-restored-version.html (Accessed 23/9)
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) From: The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. Directed by: Wiene, R. [Film still] Germany: Babelsberg. At: http://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/22/cabinet-caligari-wiene-horror (Accessed 23/9)
Kandinsky, W. (1912) Improvisation 28 (second version) At: http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artwork/1861 (Accessed 23/9)
Kirchner, E. (1915) Artillerymen [Oil on canvas] At: http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artwork/2104 (Accessed 23/9)
